Confronting the Specter of War
Engaging Barth's Theology on Warfare with the Russia-Ukraine Conflict
About the author: Rev. Andria Sarias, hailing from Tbilisi, Georgia, is a scholar whose journey began at Tbilisi Theological Seminary and culminated at the University of Georgia (PhD). He specializes in church history and theology, with most recently obtaining a ThM at Columbia Theological Seminary. He has had notable roles in both academic and spiritual institutions. Passionate about advancing knowledge, Andria has authored numerous publications, reflecting his dedication to scholarly discourse.
In the midst of today’s turbulent geopolitical landscape, where conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war and Israel-Palestine tensions weigh heavily on the global conscience, the discourse on war from theological giants such as Karl Barth holds immense significance. Barth’s profound insights shed light on the intricate web of theology, politics, and human conflict. His seminal work, The Church and the War, stands as a beacon of moral clarity amidst the fog of war propaganda.
At the heart of Barth’s theological inquiry in this work lies a profound critique of nationalistic fundamentalism, which he identifies as the root cause of warfare. Delving into his reflections unveils a deconstruction of the notion of nationalistic fervor, with cautionary words against elevating the State above divine principles. He challenges the prevailing orthodoxy that equates patriotism with religious devotion, advocating for a transcendent understanding of Christian ethics that rises above national boundaries. According to Barth, Christians must recognize that the State should not be confined solely by national interests and limits. Though prominent in the 19th century, this perspective diverges from earlier epochs such as the Middle Ages, the Roman Empire, or biblical teachings. Instead of endorsing any specific national entity, Barth contends that God’s genuine concern lies with a State encompassing all nations.1
Central to Barth’s theology is the recognition of war as a manifestation of humanity’s moral frailty and spiritual bankruptcy. He confronts the pervasive myth of the “superman,” warning against the allure of totalitarian ideologies that deify political leaders and sanctify militarism. Barth’s diagnosis of the theological malaise that precipitates war echoes with chilling relevance in the contemporary context, where nationalist fervor and ideological zealotry fuel conflicts across the globe.
Analyzing the complexities of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict from a Christian perspective, a compelling notion surfaces: the profound recognition of war as a poignant mirror reflecting humanity’s moral frailties and spiritual vacuity. This perspective challenges the glorification of political leaders and the militaristic ethos perpetuated by totalitarian ideologies. It underscores the imperative to address the underlying causes of conflict, including nationalist fervor2 and ideological extremism, which persistently ignite violence on a global scale.3 Not only the Russian government, but also the population of Russia is involved in the propaganda with most believing that the government is sanctioned to enact extreme action. Since the beginning of the war, polls have been conducted and the majority of the results show that people share the opinion of the government.
Recent data indicates that things have not drastically changed.
The enduring Russia-Ukraine conflict stands as a quintessential example of the concerns surrounding totalitarian ideologies and their repercussions on warfare. Russia’s endeavors to assert dominance over Ukraine, rooted in historical claims, and to obliterate Ukraine’s independent identity, connect closely with Barth’s critique of fervent nationalism.4 Ukraine’s resilient fight for sovereignty against Russian intervention further accentuates the lasting relevance of Barth’s theological perspectives in comprehending and managing modern geopolitical tensions. This ongoing strife serves as a stark reminder of the perils posed by totalitarian ideologies, emphasizing the critical need to safeguard democratic principles and individual liberties amidst encroaching authoritarianism.5
In exploring theological perspectives that transcend abstract theory, we uncover practical wisdom regarding the church’s role in times of conflict. Embracing a prophetic stance that rises above partisan divisions, advocates urge the church to denounce oppression and fervently promote peace.
Envisioned as a moral compass amidst the tumult of warfare, the Church guides humanity toward the shores of justice and reconciliation.
Its prophetic mission during war involves steadfastly advocating for righteous peace, recognizing war’s necessity solely in pursuit of such peace, and doing so with unwavering sincerity. Should the Church remain faithful to its spiritual calling, its potential to shape the realization of peace is boundless, contingent upon its unwavering commitment to spiritual principles.6
The dialectic between theology and politics animates Barth’s reflections on the nature of war and its consequences. He challenges the simplistic narratives that attribute blame to individual actors, emphasizing instead the systemic injustices that underpin global conflicts. Barth’s indictment of the “Hitlerian system” serves as a compelling reminder of the collective responsibility that humanity bears in confronting the specter of war.
Engaging with the theological implications of conflict, Barth confronts the existential angst that pervades human existence. His theology of war transcends the narrow confines of sectarianism, offering a vision of hope amidst the ravages of violence and despair. Barth’s insistence on the primacy of love and reconciliation echoes with the timeless wisdom of prophetic voices that have sought to transform the world through the power of divine grace.
As we confront the specter of war in our contemporary world, Barth’s insights call upon us to confront the moral imperatives that underpin our collective existence. In the crucible of conflict, the Church is called to bear witness to the transformative power of love, standing as a bulwark against the forces of hatred and division. In the words of Barth, let us heed the prophetic call to pursue righteousness and peace, even in the midst of turmoil and strife.
The theology of war according to Barth offers a profound meditation on the moral complexities which underlie human conflict. His insights challenge us to transcend the narrow confines of nationalism and ideology, embracing a vision of humanity united in solidarity and compassion. It is imperative to derive inspiration from Barth's prophetic vision and to pave the way towards a world where peace reigns supreme and justice prevails.
Karl Barth, The Church and the War (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1944), 22.
See several articles in this regard: “Ecclesiology and Nationalism,” in St. Vladimir’s theological Quarterly 57, nos. 3–4 (2013).
There are several historically developed features of Russian Orthodoxy that are often regarded as major reasons for the development of an expansionist Russian Orthodox nationalism: the language of liturgy and the Cyrillic alphabet, the model of church-state relations, often defined as caesaropapism; and the Russian Orthodox Church itself. Nowadays Russian Orthodox Church clearly states nationalistic view like: safe land from other believers and moral “problematic” issues like: homosexuality, gay marriage and others. For more information see Daniela Kalkandjieva “Orthodoxy and Nationalism in Russian Orthodoxy.”
For more on Russia’s violent assertion see Ivan Wlasowsy, Outline History of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (New York: Ukrainian Orthodox Church of USA, 1956). Additionally, for more on Russia’s claim to history, read Cyril Hovorun, “War and Autocephaly in Ukraine,” Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Academy Journal 7 (December 17, 2020).
It is challenging to generalize how all ordinary Russians think about Ukraine, as opinions can vary widely depending on a person’s experiences, political beliefs, and sources of information. However, some common themes and narratives are prevalent in Russian media and political discourse, which may influence how some Russians view Ukraine.
Barth, The Church and the War, 34.